Butterbur / Petasites hybridus

Formerly used to treat plague, butterbur has long been used in Europe as a cough and cold remedy, and for stomach and gall bladder problems. Clinical trials suggest butterbur extract provides effective relief for migraines and hay fever, and the extract is now commonly available over the counter.

Parsley / Petroselinum crispum

A useful food at any time, parsley is rich in a number of readily absorbable nutrients, including vitamin C and phytoestrogens, making it a valuable supplement, particularly during menopause. Medicinally, the root is preferred, having a distinct benefit on the urinary tract and in rheumatic problems.

Plantain / Plantago major, P. lanceolata

Known in Gaelic as “the healing herb,” plantain is a versatile herb that will benefit many conditions. Mostly used to support and strengthen mucous membranes throughout the body, plantain counters infection, reduces mucous membrane secretions, and supports tissue repair.

Rose / Rosa spp.

Rosewater, distilled from the petals, soothes and tones the skin. A syrup from the hips of the dog rose (R. canina) is given to children to improve resistance to infection.

Rhubarb / Rheum officinalis

A well-tolerated and moderately powerful laxative, rhubarb exerts a positive influence on the liver, gallbladder, and intestines. At a low dose, its astringent actions predominate to control diarrhea, while at normal dose, it acts as an irritant laxative.

Golden root, Arctic root / Rhodiola rosea

Found in mountainous regions and tundra as far north as the Arctic, golden root has benefits similar in many ways to ginseng. A key remedy for long-term stress and physical and mental fatigue, it supports the body’s stress response.

Blackcurrant / Ribes nigrum

The tart, crisp flavor of blackcurrant reflects the fruit’s high vitamin C content and marked antioxidant activity. Long given to children to protect them from colds and throat infection, the fruit, juice, and extracts are thought to have significant anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity.

Rosemary / Rosmarinus officinalis

Few herbs are as well known as rosemary, especially for its distinctive aroma. Traditionally used to strengthen memory and recall, it is frequently taken to aid study and exam performance, and to ward off mental exhaustion.

Sheep’s sorrel / Rumex acetosella

A small dock-type plant, sheep’s sorrell is rarely used as a medicine on its own. Its chief therapeutic use lies in its role as the principal remedy in the Essiac formula.

Elder / Sambucus nigra

Although poorly researched, elder is a safe and effective domestic remedy for ear, nose, and throat problems, whose traditional use in Europe goes back to pre-classical times. The creamy white flowers are often collected to make wine, but the tincture or hot infusion are therapeutically more effective.

Schisandra, Wu wei zi / Schisandra chinensis

Known in China as “the five-flavored herb” for the distinctively sour and slightly salty flavor of its berries, schisandra has been traditionally used as a sexual tonic for both men and women. The herb is thought to tone the kidneys and sexual organs, protect the liver, and improve mental stamina.

Limeflower, Linden blossom / Tilia spp.

Commonly planted in gardens and parks, the lime or linden tree bears flowers that perfume the air on summer evenings. The delicate scent acts much in the same way as the infusion made from the flowers, soothing troubled states of mind and relieving tension headaches, migraines, and sinus congestion.

Linseed or flax oil

Flax or linseed oil contains uniquely high levels (typically around 55 percent) of a-linolenic acid, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid similar to those found in fish oils. Plant-derived omega-3 oils are not so readily available for use by the body as fish oils, but nevertheless provide similar health benefits. All omega-3 oils have a protective activity on the heart and circulation and against cancer.